|
Afghan Languages - Dari is the official name for the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan and is a synonymous term for Parsi. There are different opinions about the origin of the word Dari. The majority of scholars believe that Dari refers to the Persian word darbār, meaning "Court", as it was the formal language of the Sassanids. This opinion is supported by medieval sources and early Islamic historians.In Afghanistan Dari is also called Farsi or Parsi. These different names have been used synonymously to refer to the spoken language. Iranian languages are widely used language in Central Asia both by native speakers and as trade languages. Many of these languages are frequently mutually intelligible. Dari is a branch of the Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan) languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages. There are three different phases in the development of Indo-Iranian languages: Old, Middle, and Modern.[citation needed] Old Dari/Farsi and the Avestan language represents the old stage of development and were spoken in ancient Bactria. The Avestan language is called Avestan because the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, Avesta, were written in this old form. Avestan died out long before the advent of Islam and except for scriptural use not much has remained of it. Old Dari, however, survived and there are many written records of old Dari, in cuneiform called Maikhi, in Khorasan. Old Dari was spoken until around the third century BC. It was a highly inflected language. Dari is the major language of Afghanistan, and is spoken in the northern and western parts, and the capital, Kabul, in the east. Approximately 70% of the population of Afghanistan are native speakers.
Pashto Pashto also known as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu or Pushtoo) is a language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Pashto belongs to the Southeastern Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Other languages in the Eastern Iranian branch of languages include Sarikoli, Wakhi, Munji, and Shughni. Other notable related Iranian languages include Persian, Kurdish, Balochi, Gilaki, spoken in the Middle East, and Ossetic, which is spoken in the Caucasus.Pashto is spoken by about 15 million people in the western provinces of North-West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Balochistan of Pakistan and by over 6 million people in the south, east, west and a few northern provinces of Afghanistan. Smaller, modern "transplant" communities are also found in Sindh (Karachi, Hyderabad). Other smaller communities of Pashto speakers also thrive in northeastern Iran. Pashto is spoken by a large part of Afghanistan's population who are of Pashtun origin, as well as by ethnic Pashtuns who live in Pakistan.
|
|
The German language is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. German is closely related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. Around the world, German is spoken by ~100 million native German speakers and also ~80 million non-native German speakers, and Standard German is widely taught in schools and universities in Europe. Worldwide, German accounts for the most written translations into and from a language. German is spoken primarily in Germany (95%), Austria (89%) and Switzerland (64%) together with Liechtenstein, Luxembourg (D-A-CH-Li-Lux) constituting the countries where German is the majority language. Other European German-speaking communities are found in Italy (Alto Adige/Südtirol), in the East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the former South Jutland County (in German, Nordschleswig, in Danish, Sønderjylland) of Denmark. Some German-speaking communities still survive in parts of Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and above all Russia and Kazakhstan, although forced expulsions after World War II and massive emigration to Germany in the 1980s and 1990s have depopulated most of these communities. German is also spoken by German-speaking foreign populations and some of their descendants in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, Greece, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Siberia in Russia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Serbia, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia).In Luxembourg and the surrounding areas, big parts of the native population speak German dialects, and some people also master standard German (especially in Luxembourg), although in the French regions of Alsace (German: Elsass) and Lorraine (German: Lothringen) French has replaced the local German dialects as the official language, even though it has not been fully replaced on the street.
|
|
Modern hebrew. In the Modern Period, from the 19th century onward, the literary Hebrew tradition as pronounced in Jerusalem revived as the spoken language of modern Israel, called variously Israeli Hebrew, Modern Israeli Hebrew, Modern Hebrew, New Hebrew, Israeli Standard Hebrew, Standard Hebrew, and so on. Israeli Hebrew exhibits many features of Sephardic Hebrew from its local Jerusalemite tradition but adapts it with numerous neologisms, borrows (often technical) terms from European languages and adopted (often colloquial) terms from Arabic.The literary and narrative use of Hebrew was revived beginning with the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement of the mid-19th century, with the publication of several Eastern European Hebrew-language newspapers (e.g. HaMagid, founded in Lyck, Prussia, in 1856). Prominent poets were Chaim Nachman Bialik and Shaul Tchernichovsky; there were also novels written in the language.The revival of Hebrew language as a mother tongue was initiated by the efforts of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922). He joined the Jewish national movement and in 1881 immigrated to Palestine, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora "shtetl" lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop tools for making the literary and liturgical language into everyday spoken language. However, his brand of Hebrew followed norms that had been replaced in Eastern Europe by different grammar and style, in the writings of people like Achad Ha-Am and others. His organizational efforts and involvement with the establishment of schools and the writing of textbooks pushed the vernacularization activity into a gradually accepted movement. It was not, however, until the 1904-1914 "Second aliyah" that Hebrew had caught real momentum in Ottoman Palestine with the more highly organized enterprises set forth by the new group of immigrants. When the British Mandate of Palestine recognized Hebrew as one of the country's three official languages (English, Arabic, and Hebrew, in 1922), its new formal status contributed to its diffusion. A constructed modern language with a truly Semitic vocabulary and written appearance, although often European in syntax and form, especially in phonology, was to take its place among the current languages of the nations.
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Spanish with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|
|
All round german confidence -480 page book plus 2 audio CDs
Retail: |
$110.00 |
On Sale: |
$99.95 |
You Save: |
10% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Retail: |
$39.95 |
On Sale: |
$36.95 |
You Save: |
8% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
a new single-volume textbook designed to provide rapid mastery of modern Indonesian
Retail: |
$39.99 |
On Sale: |
$37.94 |
You Save: |
6% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Includes booklet and 1 CD
Retail: |
$19.95 |
On Sale: |
$18.95 |
You Save: |
6% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Start speaking today with Indonesian in 60 minutes.
Retail: |
$29.95 |
On Sale: |
$23.95 |
You Save: |
21% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Over 18,000 entries in two parts, Balinese-Indonesian-English and English-Indonesian-Balinese
Retail: |
$32.95 |
On Sale: |
$29.95 |
You Save: |
10% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Over 20,000 entries in two parts, Indonesian-English and English-Indonesian
Retail: |
$48.95 |
On Sale: |
$39.95 |
You Save: |
19% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
64 Flash cards,audio CD,Wall Chart and Learning Guide
Retail: |
$39.95 |
On Sale: |
$36.95 |
You Save: |
8% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
How to express 1,000 different ideas with just 100 key words and phrases
Retail: |
$14.99 |
On Sale: |
$13.95 |
You Save: |
7% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - 32 Lessons 16 Audio CD
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Conversational Thai 16 Lessons
Retail: |
$139.95 |
On Sale: |
$98.95 |
You Save: |
30% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Learn to speak,understand and write Lithuianian
Retail: |
$110.00 |
On Sale: |
$99.95 |
You Save: |
10% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Retail: |
$45.00 |
On Sale: |
$34.95 |
You Save: |
23% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Pimsleur all Audio language learning system
Retail: |
$139.95 |
On Sale: |
$98.95 |
You Save: |
30% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
The First 10 lessons of Pimsleur Comprehensive
Our Price: |
$139.95 |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Instruction includes Chinese Chracters with phonetic pronunciations
Retail: |
$38.95 |
On Sale: |
$29.95 |
You Save: |
24% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Tagalog with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Incorporates Pimsleur Basic Mandarin Chinese
|
|
|
3500 word two-way dictionay
Retail: |
$14.99 |
On Sale: |
$13.95 |
You Save: |
7% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Retail: |
$44.99 |
On Sale: |
$39.95 |
You Save: |
12% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Totally Audio Pimsleur - 5CDs learn with the Pimsleur method
Retail: |
$69.95 |
On Sale: |
$39.95 |
You Save: |
43% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Greek (Modern) with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
A complete beginners course with book and 3 audio CDs
Retail: |
$59.95 |
On Sale: |
$49.95 |
You Save: |
17% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Chinese (Mandarin) with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$389.95 |
You Save: |
23% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn French with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Audio CDs -Book - Parents Guide
Retail: |
$74.95 |
On Sale: |
$69.95 |
You Save: |
7% |
Stock Info: |
In stock-ready to post today. $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Fast focused instruction to learn Arabic
Retail: |
$50.95 |
On Sale: |
$48.95 |
You Save: |
4% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Retail: |
$208.95 |
On Sale: |
$198.95 |
You Save: |
5% |
Stock Info: |
Ships in 6-11 business days $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
speak write, read and listen with confidence
|
|
|
336 page book plus 2 audio CDs
Retail: |
$54.95 |
On Sale: |
$38.95 |
You Save: |
30% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Spark your family's interest in learning French with activities, stories, songs, and more.
Retail: |
$49.95 |
On Sale: |
$39.95 |
You Save: |
21% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
16 Audio CDs - play in your car - portable CD player - or at home
Our Price: |
$95.95 |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Audio CDs plus Activity Book and Parents Guide CD
Retail: |
$56.95 |
On Sale: |
$49.95 |
You Save: |
13% |
Stock Info: |
Out Of Stock |
|
|
|
Learn to speak, write and understand Swedish
|
|
|
learn to speak, understand and write danish
progress quickly beyond the basics
explore the language in depth
|
|
|
Learn to speak,understand and write Finnish
|
|
|
all-round confidence 400 page book
|
|
|
Learn to speak,understand and write Icelandic
|
|
|
Learn to speak,understand and write Malay
|
|
|
Learn to speak, understand and write Nepali
|
|
|
Learn to speak,understand and write Romanian
|
|
|
This pack contains the book and two 60-minute CDs. Recorded by native speakers
Retail: |
$149.95 |
On Sale: |
$142.95 |
You Save: |
5% |
Stock Info: |
Ships in 6-11 business days $8.95 shipping Australia-wide |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Arabic (Eastern) with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Arabic (Eastern) with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Arabic (Eastern) with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Arabic (Egyptian) with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Brazilian Portuguese with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Brazilian Portuguese with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|
|
Totally Audio - Learn Brazilian Portuguese with the Pimsleur Method with 30 Lessons over 16 CDs
Retail: |
$499.95 |
On Sale: |
$369.95 |
You Save: |
27% |
Stock Info: |
This item is ordered in - normal delivery 3 - 6 weeks |
|
|